Cooper 2

A stimulus whose termination (or reduction in intensity) functions as a reinforcement.

A procedure in which two stimuli are presented at the same time, usually repeatedly for a number of trials, which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of the other stimulus.

The history of the natural evolution of a species.

A single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior.

A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus.

A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more ohter punishers; sometimes called secondary or learned punisher

A group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal (e.g., size color), temporal (e.g., antecedent or consequent), and/or functional (e.g., discriminative stimulus) dimensions.

An environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occurring prior to a behavior of interest.

A stimulus change that does not elicit respondent behavior.

An energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells.[

A decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentations of a stimulus; most often used to describe a reduction of respondent behavior as a function of repeated presentation of the eliciting stimulus over a short span of time; some researchers suggest that the concept also applies to within-session changes in operant behavior.

A group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment.

The stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex; a stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without any prior learning.

All of the behavior a person can do; or a set of behaviors relevant to a particular setting or task (e.g., gardening, mathematical problem solving).

A learned stimulus-response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus (e.g., sound of refrigerator door opening) and the response it elicits (e.g., salivation); each person’s repertoire of ____________ is the product of his or her history of interactions with the environment (ontogeny).

Occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions.

Refers to the fact that behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person’s awareness; a person does not have to recognize or verbalize the relation between her behavior and a reinforcing consequence, or even know that a consequence has occurred, for reinforcement to “work.”

The history of the development of an individual organism during its lifetime.

A statement describing a functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables with generality across organisms, species, settings, behaviors, and time (e.g., extinction, positive reinforcement); an empirical generalization inferred from many experiments demonstrating the same functional relation.

Development of a conditioned reflex by pairing of a neutral stimulus (NS) with a conditioned stimulus (CS)

A decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior; also refers to a procedure for reducing the effectiveness of a reinforcer (e.g., presenting a person with copious amounts of a reinforcing stimulus prior to a session).

A stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it.

The response component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli.

A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers; sometimes called secondary or learned reinforcer.

A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it.

In general, an unpleasant or noxious stimulus; more technically, a stimulus change or condition that functions (a) to evoke a behavior that has terminated it in the past; (b) as a punisher when presented following behavior, and/or (c) as a reinforcer when withdrawn following behavior.

Behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences.

Occurs when stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior and similar conditions.

An inclusive term referring in general to all of a person’s learning experiences and more specifically to past conditioning with respect to particular response classes or aspects of a person’s repertoire.

def consequence

A stimulus-response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits (e.g., bright-light pupil contraction).

A stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus (NS) is presented with an unconditioned stimulus (US) until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response.

The history of the natural evolution of a species.

Describes reinforcement (or punishment) that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred.

The activity of living organisms.

The basic process by which operant learning occurs; consequences (stimulus changes immediately following responses) result in an increased (reinforcement) or decreased (punishment) frequency of the same type of behavior under similar motivational and environmental conditions in the future.

Refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables.

An environmental variable that (a) alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and (b) alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that have been reinforced by that stimulus, object, or event.

A stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism’s learning history with the stimulus.

The conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism or referenced part of the organism exists; behavior cannot occur in the absence of _________.

The repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (US); the CS gradually loses its ability to elicit the conditioned response until the conditioned reflex no longer appears in the individual’s repertoire.

A stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism’s learning history with the stimulus.

The state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer.

A technologically consistent method for changing behavior derived from one or more principles of behavior (e.g., differential reinforcement of other behavior, response cost); possesses sufficient generality across subjects, settings, and/or behaviors to warrant its codification and dissemination.

The basic unit of analysis in the analysis of operant behavior; and encompasses the temporal and possibly dependent relations among an antecedent stimulus, behavior, and consequence.

The discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior (i.e., responses no longer produce reinforcement); the primary effect is a decrease in the frequency of the behavior until it reaches a pre-reinforced level or ultimately ceases to occur.